J Appl Biomed 5:131-138, 2007 | DOI: 10.32725/jab.2007.018
The role of a mixture of green tea, turmeric and chitosan in the treatment of obesity-related testicular disorders
- 1 Biochemistry Departments, College of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
- 2 College of Pharmacy, El-Minia University, Egypt
- 3 Pharmacology Department, College of Pharmacy, El-Minia University, Egypt
In the present investigation, we studied the effect of aqueous green tea extract (GTE), alcoholic turmeric extract (ATE), and water-soluble Chitosan (WSC), individually/or in mixture, on the testicular tissue content of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), in addition to nitric oxide (NO) in obese rats.
The testicular weight of the obese rats was increased more significantly than control; TC, TG, PL, TBARS and NO were significantly higher in the obese group. GTE reduced testicular weight and significantly reduced other estimated parameter. ATE significantly increased testicular weight, with apparent peritesticular vascular congestion. It significantly decreased all other studied parameters. WSC significantly increased testicular weight, with significant reduction of all other parameters. The mixture of the three drugs non-significantly decreased testicular weight, and significantly decreased other parameters, except NO, which was significantly more elevated than the obese control. We concluded that obesity induced a significant increase in testicular weight, in addition to TC, TG, PL, TBARS and NO, in comparison to the normal control subjects. An efficient protection against obesity-induced changes was achieved by each individual drug, while the mixture of GTE, ATE and WSC showed less protective potential than each individual drug.We here recommend the use of GTE, ATE in treating obesity-related testicular dysfunction and suggest that attention should be paid to the possible effect of WSC on the bioavailability of other concomitantly-used drugs and suggest a pertinent clinical benefit of both GTE and ATE.
Keywords: obesity; green tea; turmeric; Chitosan; testes; rats
Received: October 25, 2006; Revised: December 16, 2006; Published: July 31, 2007 Show citation
ACS | AIP | APA | ASA | Harvard | Chicago | Chicago Notes | IEEE | ISO690 | MLA | NLM | Turabian | Vancouver |
References
- Adams ML, Meyer ER, Sewing BN, Ciuro TJ: Effects of nitric oxide-related agents on rat testicular dysfunction. J. Pharmacol. Exp.Ther. 269:230-237, 1994.
- Aruldhas M, Subramanian S, Sekar P, Vengatesh G, Chandrahasan G, Govindarajulu P, Akbarsha MA: Chronic chromium exposure-induced changes in testicular histoarchitecture are associated with oxidative stress: study in a non-human primate (Macaca radiata Geoffroy). Hum. Reprod. 20:2801-2813, 2005.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Basar MM, Kisa Ü, Tuglu D, Yilmaz E, Basar H, Caglayan O, Batislam E: Testicular nitric oxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive oxygen substance levels in obstructive azoospermia: A possible role in pathophysiology of infertility. Mediators of inflamm. article ID: 27458, pp. 1-5, 2006.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bauche F, Stephan JP, Touzalin AM, Jegou B: In vitro regulation of an inducible type NO synthase in the rat seminiferous tubule cells. Biol. Reprod. 58:431-438, 1998.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Björntorp P, Ostman J: Human adipose tissue dynamics and regulation. Adv. Metab. Disord. 5:277-327, 1971.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bucolo G, David H: Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clin. Chem. 19:476-482, 1973.
Go to original source...
- Bray GA: Classification andevaluation of obesities. Med. Clin. North Am. 73:161-184, 1989.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bray GA, Gray DS: Obesity: Part I: Pathogenesis. West. J. Med. 149:429-441, 1988.
- Challa A, Rao DR, Reddy BS: Interactive suppression of abberant crypt foci induced by azoxymethane in rat colon by phytic acid and green tea. Carcinogenesis 18:2023-2026, 1997.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Choi HG, Kim JK, Kwak HD, Cho JR, Kim TY, Kim BJ, Jung KY, Choi BK, Shin MK, Choo YK: Effects of high molecular weight water-soluble chitosan on in vitro fertilization and ovulation in mice fed a high-fat diet. Arch. Pharmacol. Res. 25:178-183, 2002.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Chowdhury AR, Gautam AK, Bhatnagar VK: Lindane-induced changes in morphology and lipid profile of testes in rats. Biomed. Biochim. Acta 49:1059-1065, 1990.
Go to PubMed...
- Connor WE, Lin DS, Neuringer M: Biochemical markers for puberty in the monkey testes: Desmosterol and docosahexanoic acid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82:1911-1916, 1997.
Go to original source...
- Del Punta K, Charreau EH, Pignataro OP: Nitric oxide inhibits Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 137:5337-5343, 1996.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Dobson R: High cholesterol may increase the risk of testicular cancer. BMJ 330:1042, 2005.
Go to original source...
- Duncan BD: Multiple range test for correlated heteroscedastic means. Biometrics 13:359-364, 1957.
Go to original source...
- Festing MFW (ed): Animal Models of Obesity. Oxford Univ Press, NY 1979.
Go to original source...
- Folch J, Lees M, Sloane-Stanley GH: A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226:497-509, 1957.
Go to original source...
- Geremias R, Pedrosa RC, Locatelli C, de Favere VT, Coury-pedrosa R, Laranjeira MC: Lipid lowering activity of hydrosoluble chitosan and association with Aloe vera L and Brassica olearacea L. Phytother. Res. 20:288-293, 2006.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Glass AR, Burman KD, Dahms WT, Boehm TM.: Progress in endocrinology and metabolism: Endocrine function in human obesity. Metabolism 30:89-104, 1981.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Heber D: Herbal preparations for obesity: are they useful? Prim. Care 30:441-463, 2003.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Herlog MGL, Hollman PCH, Putte BV: Content of potentially carcinogenic flavonoids of tea infusion, wines and fruit juices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41:1242-1246, 1993.
Go to original source...
- Ho HC, Tai ES, Eng PH, Tan CE, Fork AC: In the absence of dietary surveillance, chitosan does not reduce plasma lipids or obesity in hypercholesterolaemic obese Asian subjects. Singapore Med. J. 42:6-10, 2001.
Go to PubMed...
- Ide T, Tsunoda M, Mochizuki T, Murakami K: Enhancement of insulin signaling through inhibition of tissue lipid accumulation by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in obese mice. Med. Sci. Monit. 10:BR388-BR395, 2004.
- Jeon TI, Hwang SG, Park NG, Jung YR, Shin SI, Choi SD, Park DK: Antioxidative effect of chitosan on chronic carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury in rats. Toxicology 187:67-73, 2003.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Kley HK, Solbach HG, McKinnan JC, Kruskemper H: Testosterone decrease and estrogen increase in male patients with obesity. Acta Endocrinol. 91:553-563, 1979.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Kuhn-Velten N, Codjambopoulo P, Haider SG, Passia D, Kley HK, Herberg L, Staib W, Goslar HG: Biochemical and histochemical studies on the pituitary-testicular axis in obese (C57Bl/6J.ob/ob) mice. Int. J. Androl. 9:123-131, 1986.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Lin DS, Connor WE, Wolf DP, Alexander M: Uneven distribution of monkey sperm. FASEB J. 9:A 81, 1995.
- Llado I, Pico C, Palou A, Pons A: Protein and amino acid intake in cafeteria fed obese rats. Physiol. Behav. 58:513-519, 1995.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Lucesoli F, Fraga CG: Oxidative damage to lipids and DNA concurrent with decrease of antioxidants in rat testes after acute iron intoxication. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 316:567-571, 1995.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Maeda Y, Kimura Y: Antitumor effects of various low-molecular weight chitosans are due to increased natural killer activity of intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes in sarcina-180-bearing mice. Nutrition 134:945-950, 2004.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Mohanty I, Arya S, Gupta SK: Effect of Curcuma longa and Ocimum sanctum on myocardial apoptosis in experimentally-induced myocardial ischemic - reperfusion injury. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 6:3-14, 2006.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Niehius WG, Samuelsson D: Formation of malondialdehyde from phospholipids arachidonate duringmicrosomal lipid peroxidation. Eur. J. Biochem. 6:126-130, 1968.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Nims RW, Darbyshire JF, Saavedra JE, Christodoulou D, Hanbauer I, Cox GW, Grisham MB, Laval F, Cook, JA, Krishna, MC, Wink D.A: Colorimetric methods for the determination of nitric oxide concentration in neutral aqueous solutions. Methods: A Companion Methods in Enzymology 7:48-54, 1995.
Go to original source...
- Oshima M, Carpenter MP: The lipid composition of the prepubertal and adult rat testis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 152:479-497, 1968.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Osuga J, Ishibashi S, Oka T, Yagyu H, Tozawa R et al.: Targeted disruption of hormone-sensitive lipase results in male sterility and lipocyte hypertrophy, but not in obesity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:787-792, 2000.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ozmeric N, Ozcan G, Haytac CM, Alaadinoglu EE, Sargon MF, Senel S: Chitosan film enriched with an antioxidant agent, taurine, in fenestration defects. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 51:500-503, 2000.
Go to original source...
- Poropratto C, Bianco ID, Correa SG: Local and systemic activity of the polysaccharide chitosan at lymphoid tissues after oral administration. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78:62-69, 2005.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Raheja RK, Charanjik K, Singh A, Bhatia JS: New colorimetric method for estimation of phospholipids without acid digestion. J. Lipid Res. 14:695-697, 1973.
Go to original source...
- Romeo C, Ientile R, Impellizzeri P et al.: Preliminary report on nitric oxide-mediated oxidative damage in adolescent variocele. Hum. Reprod. 18:26-29, 2003.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Saper RB, Eisenberg DM, Phillip RS: Common dietary supplements for weight loss. Am. Fam. Physician 70:1731-1738, 2004.
Go to PubMed...
- Saravanan R, Pari L: Antihyperlipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of Diasulin, a polyherbal formulation in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 5:14-21, 2005.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sassone-Corsi P: Transcriptional checkpoints determining the fate of male germ cells. Cell 88:163-166, 1997.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sastry KVH, Moudgal RP, Mohan J, Tyagi JS, Rao GS: Spectroph-otometric determination of serum nitrite and nitrate by copper-cadmium alloy. Anal Biochem. 306:79-82, 2002.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Seo WG, Pae HO, Kim NY, OH GS, Pak IS, Kim YH, Kim YM, Lee YH, Jun CD, Chung HT: Synergistic cooperation between water-soluble chitosan oligomers and interferon-gamma for induction of nitric oxide synthesis and tumoricidal activity in murine peritoneal macrophages. Cancer Lett., 159:189-195, 2000.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Serra F, Bonet T, Palou A: Amino acid enzyme activities in brown and white adipose tissues and the liver of cafeteria rats: effects of 24 hours starving. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 95:263-268, 1987.
Go to PubMed...
- Sharma OP: Antioxidant properties of curcumin and related compounds. Biochem. Pharmacol., 25:1811-1825, 1976.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sharma RK, Agarwal A: Role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility. Urology 48:835-850, 1996.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Shi TS, Wang ZY, Smith TJ, Hong JY, Ho CT, Yang CS: Effects of green tea and black tea on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone bioactivation, DNA methylation and lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Cancer Res. 54:4641-4647, 1994.
- Srinivas L, Shalini VK, Shylaja M: Turmerin: A water-soluble antioxidant peptide from turmeric (Curcuma longa). Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 292:617-623, 1992.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Wang ZY, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H: Interction of epicatechin derived from green tea with rat hepatic cytochrome P-450. Drug Metabol. Disposal 16:93-103, 1988.
- Wang ZY, Hong MT, Reuhl KR, Conney AH, Yang CS: Inhibition of N-nitrosodimethylamine and 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced tumorigenesis in A/J mice by green tea and black tea. Cancer Res. 52:1943-1947, 1992.
- Wang SW, Chiao YC, Tsai SC et al.: Inhibition of bufalin on pituitary and testicular function in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 283:528-532, 1997.
- Yan Y, Wanshun L, Baoqin H, Bing L, Chenwei F: Protective effects of chitosan ligopolysaccharide and its derivatives against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats. Hepatol. Res. 35:178-184, 2006.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Zlatkis A, Zak B, Boyle G: A method for the determination of serum cholesterol. J. Clin. Med. 41:486-492, 1953.