J Appl Biomed 15:241-248, 2017 | DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2017.03.004
Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their potential applications in biomedicine
- Fatima Jinnah Women University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Lab, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field evolved within past few decades and playing substantial role in environment, industry, agriculture and pharmacology. Integration of nanotechnology and biotechnology has led to the foundation of nanomedicine. It has provided novel breakthroughs in cure of various ailments and disorders, drug delivery systems, detection and diagnostics of different diseases. However, use of microbially synthesized nanoparticles in health and medicine is still limited. This article highlights the green approach of nanomaterials synthesis using microbes and current status of their applications in biomedical field.
Keywords: Nanotechnology; Pharmacology; Biotechnology; Nanomedicine; Drug delivery
Received: November 29, 2016; Revised: March 28, 2017; Accepted: March 30, 2017; Published: November 1, 2017 Show citation
References
- Abdeen, S., Praseetha, P.K., 2013. Diagnostics and treatment of metastatic cancers with magnetic nanoparticles. J. Nanomedine Biotherapeutic. Discov. 2013. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-983X.1000115.
Go to original source...
- Ahmad, A., Mukherjee, P., Senapati, S., Mandal, D., Khan, M.I., Kumar, R., Sastry, M., 2003. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 28, 313-318. doi:http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7765(02)00174-1.
Go to original source...
- Ahmad, M.S., Yasser, M.M., Sholkamy, E.N., Ali, A.M., Mehanni, M.M., 2015. Anticancer activity of biostabilized selenium nanorods synthesized by Streptomyces bikiniensis strain Ess_amA-1. Int. J. Nanomedicine 10, 3389. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S82707.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ahmed, S., Ikram, S., 2016. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles: A green approach. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 161, 141-153.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ankamwar, B., 2010. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (green-gold) using leaf extract of Terminalia catappa. J. Chem. 7, 1334-1339.
Go to original source...
- Balaji, D.S., Basavaraja, S., Deshpande, R., Mahesh, D.B., Prabhakar, B.K., Venkataraman, A., 2009. Extracellular biosynthesis of functionalized silver nanoparticles by strains of Cladosporium cladosporioides fungus. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 68, 88-92. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.09.022.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Banu, A., Rathod, V., Ranganath, E., 2011. Silver nanoparticle production by Rhizopus stolonifer and its antibacterial activity against extended spectrum b-lactamase producing (ESBL) strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Mater. Res. Bull. 46, 1417-1423. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2011.05.008.
Go to original source...
- Barabadi, H., Honary, S., Ebrahimi, P., Mohammadi, M.A., Alizadeh, A., Naghibi, F., 2014. Microbial mediated preparation, characterization and optimization of gold nanoparticles. Braz. J. Microbiol. 45, 1493-1501. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1590/S1517-83822014000400046.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Barkalina, N., Charalambous, C., Jones, C., Coward, K., 2014. Nanotechnology in reproductive medicine: emerging applications of nanomaterials. Nanomedicine: NBM 10, 921-938. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2014.01.001.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Bhatia, D., Mittal, A., Malik, D.K., 2016. Antimicrobial activity of PVP coated silver nanoparticles synthesized by Lysinibacillus varians. 3 Biotech 6 (2), 196. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0514-7.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Borse, V., Kaler, A., Banerjee, U.C., 2015. Microbial synthesis of platinum nanoparticles and evaluation of their anticancer activity. Int. J. Emerg. Trends Electr. Electron. 11.
- Brakmane, G., Winslet, M., Seifalian, A.M., 2012. Systematic review: the applications of nanotechnology in gastroenterology. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 36, 213-221. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05179.x.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Buszewski, B., Railean-Plugaru, V., Pomastowski, P., Rafin ska, K., Szultka-Mlynska, M., Golinska, P., Wypij, M., Laskowski, D., Dahm, H., 2016. Antimicrobial activity of biosilver nanoparticles produced by a novel Streptacidiphilus durhamensis strain. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2016.03.002.
Go to original source...
- Buzea, C., Pacheco, I.I., Robbie, K., 2007. Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. Biointerphases 2, MR17-MR71. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2815690.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Calabia, M., Jarab, A., Bendallc, J., Wellandc, M., de la LuzMorad, M., 2010. Structural characterization of natural nanomaterials: potential use to increase the phosphorus mineralization. 19th World Congress of Soil Science.
- Chauhan, A., Zubair, S., Tufail, S., Sherwani, A., Sajid, M., Raman, S.C., Azam, A., Owais, M., 2011. Fungus-mediated biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles: potential in detection of liver cancer. Int. J. Nanomedicine 6, 2305-2319. doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.2147/IJN.S23195.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Correa-Llantén, D.N., Mu-oz-Ibacache, S.A., Castro, M.E., Mu-oz, P.A., Blamey, J.M., 2013. Gold nanoparticles synthesized by Geobacillus sp. strain ID17 a thermophilic bacterium isolated from Deception Island. Antarctica. Microb. Cell Fact. 12, 1-6. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-12-75.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Cuevas, R., Durán, N., Diez, M.C., Tortella, G.R., Rubilar, O., 2015. Extracellular biosynthesis of copper and copper oxide nanoparticles by Stereumhirsutum, a native white-rot fungus from Chilean Forests. J. Nanomater. doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.1155/2015/789089.
Go to original source...
- Dar, M.A., Ingle, A., Rai, M., 2013. Enhanced antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Cryphonectria sp. evaluated singly and in combination with antibiotics. Nanomedicine: NBM 9, 105-110. doi:http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2012.04.007.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Das, V.L., Thomas, R., Varghese, R.T., Soniya, E.V., Mathew, J., Radhakrishnan, E.K., 2014. Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the Bacillus strain CS 11 isolated from industrialized area. 3 Biotech 4, 121-126. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s13205-013-0130-8.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- DeJong, W.H., Borm, P.J., 2008. Drug delivery and nanoparticles: applications and hazards. Int. J. Nanomedicine 3, 133. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S596.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- DeLouise, L.A., 2012. Applications of nanotechnology in dermatology. J. Invest. Dermatol. 132, 964-975. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.425.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Devi, J.S., Bhimba, B.V., 2012. Anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by the seaweed Ulva lactucaInvitro. Open Access Sci. Rep. 4, 242. doi:http://dx. doi.org/10.4172/scientificreports.242.
Go to original source...
- El-Kassas, H.Y., Attia, A.A., 2013. Bactericidal application and cytotoxic activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles with an extract of the red seaweed Pterocladiella capillacea on the HepG2 cell line. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15, 1299-1306. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.3.1299.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- El-Batal, A.I., Mona, S.S., Al-Tamie, M.S.S., 2015. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Marine Streptomyces cyaneus and their antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor (in vitro) activities. J. Chem. Pharm. Res. 7, 1020-1036.
- Fayaz, A.M., Balaji, K., Girilal, M., Yadav, R., Kalaichelvan, P.T., Venketesan, R., 2010a. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their synergistic effect with antibiotics: a study against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nanomedicine: NBM 6, 103-109. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.006.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Fayaz, A.M., Tiwary, C.S., Kalaichelvan, P.T., Venkatesan, R., 2010b. Blue orange light emission from biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma viride. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 75, 175-178. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.08.028.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Gajbhiye, M., Kesharwani, J., Ingle, A., Gade, A., Rai, M., 2009. Fungus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against pathogenic fungi in combination with fluconazole. Nanomedicine: NBM 5, 382-386. doi:http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.06.005.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Gericke, M., Pinches, A., 2006. Microbial production of gold nanoparticles. Gold Bull. 39, 22-28. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03215529.
Go to original source...
- Ghorbani, H.R., 2013. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Salmonella typhirium. J. Nanostructure Chem. 3, 1-4. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/21938865-3-29.
Go to original source...
- Ghorbani, H.R., Mehr, F.P., Poor, A.K., 2015. Extracellular synthesis of copper nanoparticles using culture supernatants of Salmonella typhimurium. Orient J. Chem. 31, 527-529. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/310165.
Go to original source...
- Handbook of nanoscience, engineering, and technology. In: Goddard III, W.A., Brenner, D., Lyshevski, S.E., Iafrate, G.J. (Eds.), CRC Press.
- Hauck, T.S., Giri, S., Gao, Y., Chan, W.C., 2010. Nanotechnology diagnostics for infectious diseases prevalent in developing countries. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 438-448. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.015.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Hosseini, M.R., Sarvi, M.N., 2015. Recent achievements in the microbial synthesis of semiconductor metal sulfide nanoparticles. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 40, 293-301.
Go to original source...
- Jabir, N.R., Tabrez, S., Ashraf, G.M., Shakil, S., Damanhouri, G.A., Kamal, M.A., 2012. Nanotechnology-based approaches in anticancer research. Int. J. Nanomedicine 7, 4391-4408.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Jeevanandam, J., Chan, Y.S., Danquah, M.K., 2016. Biosynthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Chem. Bio. Eng. Rev. 3 (2), 55-67.
Go to original source...
- Kalishwaralal, K., Deepak, V., Ramkumarpandian, S., Nellaiah, H., Sangiliyandi, G., 2008. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by the culture supernatant of Bacillus licheniformis. Mater. Lett. 62, 4411-4413. doi:http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2008.06.051.
Go to original source...
- Karunaratne, D.N., 2010. Nanotechnology in medicine. J. Natl. Sci. Found. Sri. 35, 149-152. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v35i3.2012.
Go to original source...
- Kathiresan, K., Manivannan, S., Nabeel, M.A., Dhivya, B., 2009. Studies on silver nanoparticles synthesized by a marine fungus, Penicillium fellutanum isolated from coastal mangrove sediment. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 71, 133-137. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.01.016.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Khan, S.A., Gambhir, S., Ahmad, A., 2014. Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 5, 249-257. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.27.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Kumar, S.A., Peter, Y.A., Nadeau, J.L., 2008. Facile biosynthesis, separation and conjugation of gold nanoparticles to doxorubicin. Nanotechnology 19, 495101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/49/495101.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Kundu, D., Hazra, C., Chatterjee, A., Chaudhari, A., Mishra, S., 2014. Extracellular biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Rhodococcus pyridinivorans NT2: Multifunctional textile finishing, biosafety evaluation and in vitro drug delivery in colon carcinoma. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 140, 194-204. doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.001.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Li, X., Xu, H., Chen, Z.S., Chen, G., 2011. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms and their applications. J. Nanomater. 8 doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1155/2011/270974.
Go to original source...
- Malarkodi, C., Chitra, K., Rajeshkumar, S., Gnanajobitha, G., Paulkumar, K., Vanaja, M., Annadurai, G., 2013. Novel eco-friendly synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles by using Planomicrobium sp. and its antimicrobial evaluation. Der Pharmacia Sinica 4, 59-66.
- Medda, S., Hajra, A., Dey, U., Bose, P., Mondal, N.K., 2014. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aloe vera leaf extract and antifungal activity against Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp. Appl. Nanosci. 5, 875-880. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s13204-014-0387-1.
Go to original source...
- Mollick, M.M.R., Rana, D., Dash, S.K., Chattopadhyay, S., Bhowmick, B., Maity, D., Mondala, D., Pattanayakd, S., Royc, S., Chakraborty, M., Chattopadhyay, D., 2015. Studies on green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) pulp extract having anticancer (in vitro) and antimicrobial applications. Arab J. Chem. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.04.033.
Go to original source...
- Mukherjee, S., Chowdhury, D., Kotcherlakota, R., Patra, S., 2014. Potential theranostics application of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (4-in-1 system). Theranostics 4, 316. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.7819.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Nanda, A., Saravanan, M., 2009. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Staphylococcus aureus and its antimicrobial activity against MRSA and MRSE. Nanomedicine: NBM 5, 452-456. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.01.012.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Nangia, Y., Wangoo, N., Goyal, N., Shekhawat, G., Suri, C.R., 2009. A novel bacterial isolate Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as living factory for synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Microb. Cell Fact. 8, 39-46. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/14752859-8-39.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Narayanan, K.B., Sakthivel, N., 2010. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 156, 1-13. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2010.02.001.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Narayanan, K.B., Sakthivel, N., 2011. Green synthesis of biogenic metal nanoparticles by terrestrial and aquatic phototrophic and heterotrophic eukaryotes and biocompatible agents. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 169, 59-79. doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.cis.2011.08.004.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Omlor, A.J., Nguyen, J., Bals, R., Dinh, Q.T., 2015. Nanotechnology in respiratory medicine. Respir. Res. 16, 64. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12931-015-0223-5.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Ortega, F.G., Fernández-Baldo, M.A., Fernández, J.G., Serrano, M.J., Sanz, M.I., DiazMochón, J.J., Lorente, J.A., Raba, J., 2015. Study of antitumor activity in breast cell lines using silver nanoparticles produced by yeast. Int. J. Nanomedicine 10, 2021. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S75835.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Pal, S.L., Jana, U., Manna, P.K., Mohanta, G.P., Manavalan, R., 2011. Nanoparticle: an overview of preparation and characterization. J. Appl. Pharmaceut. Sci. 1, 228- 234.
- Patil, M., Mehta, D.S., Guvva, S., 2008. Future impact of nanotechnology on medicine and dentistry. J. Indian Soc. Periodontol. 12, 34. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.44088.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Patra, J.K., Baek, K., 2014. Green nanobiotechnology: factors affecting synthesis and characterization techniques. J. Nanomater. 219 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/417305.
Go to original source...
- Prasad, K., Jha, A.K., 2009. ZnO nanoparticles: synthesis and adsorption study. Nat. Sci. 1, 129. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2009.12016.
Go to original source...
- Metal nanoparticles in microbiology. In: Rai, M., Duran, N. (Eds.), Springer Science & Business Media doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18312-6.
- Ramanathan, R., Bhargava, S.K., Bansal, V., 2011. Biological synthesis of copper/ copper oxide nanoparticles. Chemeca 2011: Engineering a better world. Sydney Hilton Hotel, NSW, Australia, pp. 1991.
- Ranjitham, A.M., Suja, R., Caroling, G., Tiwari, S., 2013. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer activities and characterisation of Brassica oleracea. var, Bortrytis. L synthesized silver nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 5, 239-251.
- Salata, O.V., 2004. Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2, 3. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-2-3.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Salman, J.A.S., Ibrahem, K.H., Ali, F.A., 2014. Effect of culture media on biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Lactobacillus crispatus. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2, 1014-1021.
- Salouti, Mojtaba, Ahangari, Azam, 2014. Nanoparticle based Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. In: Demir Sezer, Ali (Ed.), InTech doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/58423 Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/application-ofnanotechnology-in-drug-delivery/nanoparticle-based-drug-delivery-systemsfor-treatment-of-infectious-diseases.
Go to original source...
- Sanna, V., Pala, N., Sechi, M., 2014. Targeted therapy using nanotechnology: focus on cancer. Int. J. Nanomedicine 9, 467. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S36654.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Seil, J.T., Webster, T.J., 2012. Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: methods and literature. Int. J. Nanomedicine 7, 2767. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S24805.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Shahverdi, A.R., Fakhimi, A., Shahverdi, H.R., Minaian, S., 2007a. Synthesis and effect of silver nanoparticles on the antibacterial activity of different antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Nanomedicine: NBM 3, 168- 171. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2007.02.001.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Shahverdi, A.R., Minaeian, S., Shahverdi, H.R., Jamalifar, H., Nohi, A.A., 2007b. Rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using culture supernatants of Enterobacteria: a novel biological approach. Process Biochem. 42, 919-923. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.02.005.
Go to original source...
- Shantkriti, S., Rani, P., 2014. Biological synthesis of Copper nanoparticles using Pseudomonas fluorescens. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 3, 374-383.
- Sharma, N., Pinnaka, A.K., Raje, M., Ashish, F.N.U., Bhattacharyya, M.S., Choudhury, A. R., 2012. Exploitation of marine bacteria for production of gold nanoparticles. Microb. Cell Fact. 11, 1. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-11-86.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Singh, P., Kim, Y.J., Singh, H., Wang, C., Hwang, K.H., Farh, M.E.A., Yang, D.C., 2015. Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial applications of silver nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomedicine 10, 2567. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S72313.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sivaraj, R., Rahman, P.K., Rajiv, P., Venckatesh, R., 2014. Biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesis using Tabernaemontana divaricate leaf extract and its anticancer activity against mcf-7 breast cancer cell lines studies, 16-18. International Conference on Advances in Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Sciences (AABES-2014), October 15-16, 2014, Dubai (UAE).
- Sondi, I., Salopek-Sondi, B., 2004. Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 275, 177-182. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.012.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Subhankari, I., Nayak, P.L., 2013. Antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticles synthesised by ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract. World J. Nano Sci. Technol. 2, 10-13.
- Sunkar, S., Nachiyar, C.V., 2012. Biogenesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles using the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus isolated from Garcinia xanthochymus. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2, 953-959. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S22211691(13)60006-4.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Sutradhar, K.B., Amin, M.L., 2014. Nanotechnology in cancer drug delivery and selective targeting. ISRN Nanotechnology 2014. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/939378.
Go to original source...
- Syed, A., Raja, R., Kundu, G.C., Gambhir, S., Ahmad, A., 2013. Extracellular biosynthesis of monodispersed gold nanoparticles, their characterization, cytotoxicity assay, biodistribution and conjugation with the anticancer drug doxorubicin. J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. 4, 156-161. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4172/2157-7439.1000156.
Go to original source...
- Tallury, P., Malhotra, A., Byrne, L.M., Santra, S., 2010. Nanobioimaging and sensing of infectious diseases. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 424-437. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.014.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Thomas, R., Janardhanan, A., Varghese, R.T., Soniya, E.V., Mathew, J., Radhakrishnan, E.K., 2014. Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized by marine Ochrobactrum sp. Braz. J. Microbiol. 45 (4), 1221-1227.
Go to original source...
Go to PubMed...
- Zonooz, N.F., Salouti, M., 2011. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using cell filtrate of Streptomyces sp. ERI-3. Sci. Iran 18, 1631-1635. doi:http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2011.11.029.
Go to original source...